The latest round of U.S. tariffs officially took effect Friday, with new duties ranging from 10% to 12.5% now applying to imports from dozens of America’s largest trading partners, including much of Europe, China, India, Australia, Brazil, and others.

The move replaces the previous 10% near-universal tariff that was struck down by the Supreme Court in a 6-3 ruling that found the administration had overstepped its authority under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act. Rather than backing away from its trade agenda, the administration has introduced a new framework under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, tied to a U.S. Trade Representative investigation into alleged forced labor practices abroad. Countries judged to have made some effort to enforce bans on forced-labor-produced goods face the lower 10% rate; those judged to have done less face 12.5%.

Not surprisingly, many affected countries have criticized the decision. Brazil has said it plans to pursue a case at the World Trade Organization, and officials in the EU and Australia have called the rationale unjustified. Still, most have stopped short of announcing immediate retaliation.